Debian Commands

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Useful commands on a Debian box:

Packages management

Working on the available packages DB

  • apt-get update
    • Updates internal DBs of available packages (based on /etc/apt/source.list)
  • apt-cache search keywords
    • Look for packages containing keywords in their description
    • Works offline
  • DebTags
    • New powerful way to find packages
    • Works offline
  • apt-cache show package
    • Show detailed description of a package
    • Works offline
  • apt-cache showpkg package
    • Shows which version of the package is contained in which feed
    • Works offline
  • Package cron-apt
    • Works as a cron operation in background
    • By default, will populate /var/cache/apt with the last versions of the packages and will send a mail.
    • Works online (but, as it's a cron task, deals with offline situations)
    • Now you can apt-get upgrade when you want, even offline :-)
  • Useful files
    • /etc/apt/sources.list : list of the feeds
    • /etc/apt/apt.conf : configuration of apt, cf "man apt.conf"
    • Apt pinning
  • Package netselect-apt
    • Choose the fastest Debian mirror with netselect
    • Useful to get a good sources.list (but only for the official feeds)

Installing/removing packages

  • apt-get upgrade
    • Upgrades all possible already installed packages with a newer version if possible (i.e. this does not impact other dependancies)
    • Usually follows apt-get update
  • apt-get dist-upgrade
    • Upgrades all possible already installed packages with a newer version and manages the dependancies (i.e. install/remove some dependances, especially libraries)
    • Usually to migrate from the current stable becoming the old-stable to the new stable (e.g. from Woody to Sarge) but useful also to maintain the testing or unstable distributions as new library dependancies happen quite often
  • apt-get install package
    • Installs a package
  • dpkg -i package-filename
    • Installs a locally downloaded/generated package file (*.deb)
  • apt-get remove package
    • Removes a package from the system
  • apt-get clean
    • Removes all cached package files (/var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb)

Using signature verifications on packages

To get the Debian keyring if needed: 

apt-get install debian-keyring

To re-install the Debian maintainer keys for apt-get: 

wget http://ftp-master.debian.org/ziyi_key_2005.asc
gpg --no-default-keyring --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --import ziyi_key_2005.asc

If you get the following error when apt-get update: 

W: GPG error: http://myprox sarge Release:
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 07DC563D1F41B907

That's because of the Marillat feeds, you need to import his key 

gpg --no-default-keyring --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --keyserver keyring.debian.org --recv-keys 07DC563D1F41B907

or, if you got it in a file: 

gpg --no-default-keyring --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --import marillat.asc

or: 

gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-keys 1F41B907; gpg --armor --export 1F41B907 | apt-key add -
apt-key list

Other sources of packages

If you don't find your package on the regular Debian feeds, try

  • Unofficial APT repositories
  • alien package.rpm
    This transforms a package.rpm (for RedHat, Mandrake,...) into a package.deb that you can install with dpkg -i
  • To create a .deb, see man dpkg-source
  • See also srcinst, not yet tried...

If you want to recompile a package

apt-get build-dep package
apt-get source package
cd package-dir
dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -uc -b

Inside a debian package

ar x package.deb

This gives 3 files: control.tar.gz data.tar.gz debian-binary

Fixing package dependancies

When installing a non-official package, it may happen that the dependancies are wrong. 

dpkg-deb -x skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386.deb skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386
mkdir skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386/DEBIAN
dpkg-deb -e skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386.deb skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386/DEBIAN

Edit the file skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386/DEBIAN/control and change the dependancies:
Change libqt3c102-mt (>= 3:3.3.3.2) into libqt3-mt (>= 3:3.3.5) 

dpkg-deb -b skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386
sudo dpkg -i skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386.deb

Re-packaging Perl CPAN modules not yet available in Debian 

apt-get install dh-make-perl

Example: dh-make-perl --build --cpan HTML::Template::JIT
First time it will auto-configure the CPAN database so it's quite slow

Installing not packaged softwares

apt-get install installwatch

Installwatch can be used to track the changes made during the installation of local (i.e. non-deb) software.

Working on already installed packages

dpkg -L package

Shows all the installed files on the system of an installed package
Useful to see which commands the package contains, if it contains documentation etc

dpkg -S partial filename

Searches in the installed list of packages which one(s) contains the searched filename
Useful when you find a file/program on your system but don't know from where it came

dlocate partial filename

Much faster than dpkg -S, uses a DB as locate, requires package dlocate to be installed

dpkg --get-selections

Displays the list of installed (and removed) packages

dpkg -l ' regexp '

Displays the matching packages

dpkg-reconfigure package

Restart the configuration step which usually follows a package installation
The graphical interface (text, ncurses, KDE, etc) for the configuration of a package is handled by debconf so this can be changed by... 

dpkg-reconfigure debconf (install libqt-perl to get the KDE gui working)

update-alternatives or galternatives (X11)

Allows to manipulate the /etc/alternatives directory and to choose which application to run while the system contains multiple possibilities
Example: 

$ update-alternatives --display x-session-manager
x-session-manager - status is auto.
link currently points to /usr/bin/startkde
/usr/bin/icewm-session - priority 10
/usr/bin/startkde - priority 40
Current 'best' version is /usr/bin/startkde.

To choose manually: 

$ update-alternatives --config x-session-manager

dpkg-repack package

apt-get install dpkg-repack

Recreates a .deb from an already installed package (and integrates possible changes e.g. in /etc), usefull if the original .deb is not available anymore.

deborphan

Gives a list of libraries apparently not needed anymore by any installed programs (beware if you installed locally some non-debian sources) 

apt-get install deborphan
deborphan
deborphan|xargs apt-get remove -y

debian-goodies

apt-get install debian-goodies
dgrep        - Search all files in specified packages for a regex
dglob        - Generate a list of package names which match a pattern
debget       - Fetch a .deb for a package in APT's database
dpigs        - Show which installed packages occupy the most space
debman       - Easily view man pages from a binary .deb without extracting
checkrestart - Help to find and restart processes which are using old versions of upgraded files (such as libraries)
popbugs      - Display a customized release-critical bug list based on packages you use (using popularity-contest data)

Changing SUID bit on an executable

e.g. artswrapper: 

dpkg-statoverride --add --update root root 4755 /usr/bin/artswrapper

To revert the change: 

dpkg-statoverride --remove /usr/bin/artswrapper; chmod 0755 /usr/bin/artswrapper

Flagging a package as hold

echo "package hold" | dpkg --set-selections

to revert: 

echo "package install" | dpkg --set-selections

Errors recovery

In case of sth like: 

E: Unable to parse package file /var/lib/dpkg/status (1)
E: The package lists or status file could not be parsed or opened.

Sounds like /var/lib/dpkg/status has become corrupted in some way.
Luckily dpkg (or apt?) does keep backups of that file (/var/backups/dpkg.status.*) and you may be able to recover by reverting to that backup. *BUT* that is likely to put /var/lib/dpkg/status "out-of-sync" with what *actually* is installed on the machine.
What packages did you last install/deinstall ? A diff between /var/lib/dpkg/status and /var/backups/dpkg.status.* may refresh your memory. Chances are that you have to re-install (/re-de-install) them to get things back in sync.

Bug reports

apt-get install reportbug
reportbug [--email=my@email] package
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