Difference between revisions of "Android old"

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(Created page with "==Nexus S== ===Versions=== ====under fastboot, stock==== * Product name - HERRING * HW Version - rev 52 * Bootloader version - I9020XXKA3 * Baseband version - I9020XXKB3 * Car...")
 
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(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
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* Kernel 3.0.31-g3b0c5d2 android-build@vpbs1 #1
  
* Kernel 3.0.31-g3b0c5d2 android-build@vpbs1 #1
 
* Build JRO03E
  
* Build JRO03E
  +
===Restoring factory ROM (2.3.3)===
  +
Warning, it will destroy everything, make your backups first!!
  +
* Get firmware [http://www.samfirmware.com/WEBPROTECT-i9023.htm here] for a European Nexus S i9023, mine needs the I9023XXKB3 one.
  +
* Rename tar.md5 as tar
  +
* Get Odin sw from [http://www.samfirmware.com/WEBPROTECT-programandroid.htm here], choose i9023
  +
** e.g. I9003_Odin3_v1.82.rar & SAMSUNG_USB.rar
  +
* Run Odin (works in a virtualbox if needed), load the 4 files:
  +
** bootloader: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/Bootloader_I9023XXKA3.tar
  +
** PDA: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar
  +
** Phone: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/MODEM_I9023XXKB3_REV_00_CL912571_SIGNED.tar
  +
** CSC: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/DGS_I9023_EUR.tar
  +
* Turn phone off
  +
* Plug USB
  +
* Just before battery icon showing, enter download mode by pressing middle of volume up / volume down button for long, you'll get a big yellow warning triangle
  +
* If using virtualbox, bring USB device (Samsung serial) to virtualbox
  +
* Now Odin should show a yellow rectangle with COM0
  +
* Press "start" in Odin
  +
Sources:
  +
* http://forum.frandroid.com/topic/52144-tuto-flash-via-odin/ (fr)
  +
* http://forum.frandroid.com/topic/51710-astuce-probleme-de-reconnaissance-par-odin-sous-mode-download/ (fr)
  +
* http://www.samfirmware.com/I9023%20Flasghuide%20English.pdf
  +
  +
===Restoring (most of) factory ROM (2.3.3) with fastboot===
  +
Ok previous section was about restoring *everything* as genuine but it requires Windows and most of the time all you screwed up was the boot image, the recovery image or the system image so here is how to restore them or part of them provided that you can still enter fastboot:
  +
<pre>
  +
fastboot oem unlock # if needed, WARNING IT DELETES EVERYTHING!!!!!
  +
fastboot flash recovery recovery.img # from Samsung PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar
  +
fastboot flash system system.img # from Samsung PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar
  +
fastboot flash boot boot.img # from Samsung PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar
  +
</pre>
  +
Warning: I got /sdcard content erased, maybe because I tried to enter the native recovery, but anyway, make backups first before trying anything you risk regretting!!!
  +
  +
E.g. to make a backup with clockwordmod:
  +
* Put phone into fastboot mode
  +
* Enter recovery
  +
* Choose backup & restore / backup
  +
* Choose mount / mount USB storage
  +
* From host: copy clockwordmod/backup/*
  +
===Rooting 2.3.3===
  +
* copy su-2.3.6.1-ef-signed.zip (from http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=682828) on USB storage
  +
* enter fastboot mode (see above)
  +
* host: fastboot oem unlock '''WARNING IT DELETES EVERYTHING!!!'''
  +
* fastboot flash recovery 3025-i9023.img
  +
!! Don't touch boot image or try CW 3.0.0.0, one of them caused the phone to not start android anymore, I had to perform the full factory restore with Odin !!
  +
* enter recovery mode from fastboot
  +
** You can make a backup now
  +
** install zip from sdcard -> choose -> su-2.3.6.1-ef-signed.zip
  +
** reboot
  +
Sources:
  +
* http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=988686
  +
* http://nexusshacks.com/nexus-s-hacks/how-to-root-nexus-s/
  +
Note that apparently there is a technique avoiding the full wiping, described [https://completeandroid.wordpress.com/2011/01/31/complete-guide-to-rooting-the-nexus-s/ here]. Not tested.
  +
<br>'''UPDATE:''' for Windows users, better to follow [http://nexusshacks.com/nexus-s-hacks/how-to-root-nexus-s-or-nexus-s-4g-new/ these instructions]
  +
  +
===Upgrading to 2.3.4===
  +
A new version was [http://www.frandroid.com/69196/la-version-dandroid-2-3-4-est-disponible-pour-le-nexus-s announced (fr)] two days ago.
  +
<br>Official way is apparently to type "*#*#2432546#*#*" (*#*#CHECKIN#*#*) while using Wi-Fi but all I got was a "checkin succeeded" notification. Anyway patched won't apply cleanly on my rooted phone so better to do it manually. Some sources say that code works only for HTC.
  +
<br>For GRI54, update.zip is available [http://android.clients.google.com/packages/ota/google_crespo/486786a7fd97.signed-soju-GRJ22-from-GRI54.486786a7.zip here].
  +
<br>I tried to apply it but there are several caveats given the previous hacks:
  +
* boot.img: to be able to patch it I've to restore the original boot.img, loosing temporarily the ro.secure=0 setting (cf "adb as root" paragraph). And failing to patch it would probably mean non-bootable as we would have missed replacing the kernel!
  +
* radio.img: hash checksum failed, it seems to indicate that expected radio.img is not the one I have.
  +
* recovery.img: we want to keep the clockworkmod one, so we just skip it for now
  +
To apply those change this means:
  +
* fastboot flash boot boot.img (from PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar)
  +
* edit update.zip to remove radio.img, recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
  +
** remove all commands about radio & recovery patch
  +
** add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
  +
** if that line is not added, patched phone will not be rooted anymore, which can be easily fixed by applying the su..zip again
  +
* upload update.zip to /sdcard and apply zip via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  +
Ok now we got a system & boot images upgraded to 2.3.4
  +
<br>We can again modify boot.img to restore ro.secure=0:
  +
* Extract patched 2.3.4 boot.img (cf below, or use clockworkmod), modify it & flash it back
  +
  +
I also wanted to patch the stock recovery image, just to get a 2.3.4 stock recovery in case of.
  +
* Install the 2 files from update.zip#recovery/ into /system and chmod 755 /system/etc/install-recovery-sh
  +
* Restore the stock 2.3.3 recovery.img from PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar: adb push recovery.img /sdcard/
  +
* If you've flash_image on the phone you can try: flash_image recovery /sdcard/recovery.img
  +
* Else:
  +
<pre>
  +
fastboot erase recovery
  +
fastboot flash recovery recovery.img
  +
</pre>
  +
* Reboot the phone & start Android
  +
* It should be done, recovery should have been patched, you can remove the 2 files we've put in /system and extract the patched recovery image manually (cp /dev/mtd/mtd3 /sdcard/recovery.img). Hash changed so I assume it's properly patched
  +
* Restore clockworkmod recovery image
  +
  +
'''What's new?'''
  +
<br>I didn't mention it but with 2.3.3 I had two problems I was still busy trying to solve: GPS never fixing, zero satellite! And no way to see I get copy-protected applications (and that's not because of rooting the phone, on a stock phone it failed too).
  +
<br>Now GPS fixed quite fast with 2.3.4 and I could for the first time see & download copy-protected apps \o/ (even when the phone was rooted again).
  +
  +
'''UPDATE'''
  +
<br>[http://android.clients.google.com/packages/ota/google_crespo/da8206299fe6.signed-soju-ota-121341.da820629.zip here] is the full ROM update, apparently with a new radio which should be ok for all phones...
  +
<br>Seen in [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1056062 this thread].
  +
  +
===Upgrading to 2.3.6===
  +
I saw there was also newer versions of ClockworkMod, probably better than the preview release I was still using.
  +
<br>Latest ClockworkMod recoveries are [http://download.clockworkmod.com/recoveries/ here].
  +
<br>For Nexus S, look for "crespo" img
  +
* Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  +
* Go to recovery
  +
* Backup & restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  +
* Reboot -> enter fastboot again
  +
* On PC: fastboot flash recovery recovery-clockwork-5.0.2.0-crespo.img
  +
  +
For GRJ22, upgrade.zip is available [http://android.clients.google.com/packages/data/ota/google_crespo/7d11404284c0.signed-soju-GRK39F-from-GRJ22.7d114042.zip here]
  +
* fastboot flash boot boot.img (from stock GRJ22)
  +
* edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
  +
** remove all commands about recovery
  +
** add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
  +
** because I've mangled cacerts.bks to add CACert stuff, I had also to remove stuffs about cacerts.bks in the script, then make a separate zip where I first restore the previous stock cacerts.bks from GRJ22 then apply the patch. And finally mangle the new cacerts.bks again.
  +
* In updater-script, check also which radio version it's able to patch. Look for line similar to this one:
  +
apply_patch("MTD:radio:12583040:2ea138c96cc213b2662a4ae1ddee2d5c6bbcc958:12583040:213c2022516ba651f62064e4379487af1e8499a2",
  +
"-", 213c2022516ba651f62064e4379487af1e8499a2, 12583040,
  +
2ea138c96cc213b2662a4ae1ddee2d5c6bbcc958, package_extract_file("radio.img.p"));
  +
Here it expects a radio.img from GRJ22 with SHA1 = 2ea138c96cc213b2662a4ae1ddee2d5c6bbcc958, ok
  +
<br>In case you don't have the right radio img in place, or don want to patch it, remove radio.img from the zip and all commands about radio in updater-script.
  +
* upload update.zip to /sdcard and "apply update from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  +
* Backup & Restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy new backup to PC
  +
Ok now we got a system & boot images upgraded to 2.3.6
  +
<br>We can again modify boot.img to restore ro.secure=0:
  +
* Extract patched 2.3.6 boot.img (cf below, or use clockworkmod), modify it & flash it back
  +
===Upgrading to 4.0.3===
  +
OTA update is available [http://android.clients.google.com/packages/ota/google_crespo/VQ8PQk_V.zip here]
  +
  +
====Preparation====
  +
* Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  +
* Go to recovery
  +
* Backup & restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  +
* Reboot -> enter fastboot again
  +
====Preparation bis====
  +
As I've already modified the system before, I'm rollbacking some changes to ease the update
  +
* dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=30 #(with boot.img from 2.3.6, see below)
  +
* fastboot flash boot boot.img (from stock 2.3.6)
  +
* restore cacerts.bks from 2.3.6. As I had only a 2.3.4 version I used bspatch to apply the 2.3.6 update on that file offline then prepared an update.zip with only /system/etc/security/cacerts.bks
  +
* edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
  +
** remove all commands about recovery
  +
This time we won't preserve su because we'll have to restore a new one anyway
  +
====Upgrade====
  +
* Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  +
* Go to recovery
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Upload update.zip to /sdcard
  +
* Unmount USB
  +
* "install zip from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  +
* Backup & restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy new backup to PC
  +
* Reboot
  +
====Rooting again====
  +
Infos (fr): http://forum.frandroid.com/topic/84048-romandroid-ice-cream-sandwich-40x-ota/
  +
* Upgrade recovery by flashing the one available in [http://www.multiupload.com/SOHUEIO5EI ClockWorkMod_5.0.2.7_Orange_by_IT4ALii3EN.zip]
  +
* Install via recovery the root.zip available in [http://www.multiupload.com/BZ5A87HYIG ics+root-fastboot-recovery.zip], which restored su, Superuser.apk and busybox
  +
** Launch Superuser and update su binary from the prefs
  +
  +
<br>We can then restore ro.secure=0 in the boot.img
  +
* Extract new 4.0.3 boot.img (cf below, or use clockworkmod), modify it & flash it back, see [[Android#adb_as_root|below]]
  +
* Note that apparently boot img needs to be even smaller than before:
  +
dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=28
  +
  +
====CAcert====
  +
Much easier in ICS:
  +
* drop certs on /sdcard/
  +
* go to settings / personal: security / credential storage: install from storage & select both certs
  +
====Failures====
  +
* Currently, viber does not work on ICS
  +
* Avast anti-theft failed (the renamed app was crashing at startup), I removed it manually by deactivating then removing it from /system/app/com.avast.android.antitheft.apk. After proper reinstallation from Avast app itself it worked again.
  +
===Upgrading to 4.0.4===
  +
OTA update is available and the phone proposed me to start upgrade process based on a file of about 17.8Mb
  +
<br>File is probably available somewhere but this time I did the exercice to find it on the phone.
  +
<br>=> searching for files between 16Mb and 19Mb (/512 as apparently busybox find uses 512b sectors)
  +
android# find / -size +31250 -size -37109
  +
/cache/hR7QFEtn.zip
  +
pc$ adb pull /cache/hR7QFEtn.zip .
  +
====Preparation====
  +
* Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  +
* Go to recovery
  +
* Backup & restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  +
* Reboot -> enter fastboot again
  +
====Preparation bis====
  +
As I've already modified the system before, I'm rollbacking some changes to ease the update
  +
* dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=30 #(with original boot.img from 4.0.3)
  +
* fastboot flash boot boot-fit.img
  +
* edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
  +
** remove all commands about recovery
  +
** add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
  +
** cacerts.bks is not used anymore (see above) and radio image don't seem to be affected by update, nothing to do here
  +
====Upgrade====
  +
* Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  +
* Go to recovery
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Upload myupdate.zip to /sdcard
  +
* Unmount USB
  +
* "install zip from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  +
* Backup & restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy new backup to PC
  +
* Reboot
  +
====Rooting again====
  +
Our mangled update kept the rooting active but the boot was overwritten so we can then restore ro.secure=0 in the boot.img
  +
* Extract new 4.0.4 boot.img (e.g. using clockworkmod backup), modify it & flash it back, see [[Android#adb_as_root|below]]
  +
* Note that apparently boot img needs to be even smaller than before:
  +
dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=28
  +
  +
===Upgrading to 4.1.1===
  +
OTA update is available [http://android.clients.google.com/packages/ota/google_crespo/9ZGgDXDi.zip here] (114Mb) for upgrading IMM76D to JRO03E ([http://www.android.com/about/jelly-bean/ changelog]).
  +
====Preparation====
  +
* Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  +
* Go to recovery
  +
* Backup & restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  +
* Reboot -> enter fastboot again
  +
====Preparation bis====
  +
As I've already modified the system before, I'm rollbacking some changes to ease the update
  +
* dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=28 #(with original boot.img from 4.0.4)
  +
* fastboot flash boot boot-fit.img
  +
* edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
  +
** remove all commands about recovery
  +
** add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
  +
** radio image don't seem to be affected by update, nothing to do here
  +
====Upgrade====
  +
* Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  +
* Go to recovery
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Upload myupdate.zip to /sdcard
  +
* Unmount USB
  +
* "install zip from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  +
* Backup & restore / Backup
  +
* Mount USB
  +
* Copy new backup to PC
  +
* Reboot
  +
====Rooting again====
  +
Our mangled update kept the rooting active but the boot was overwritten so we can then restore ro.secure=0 in the boot.img
  +
* Extract new 4.1.1 boot.img (e.g. using clockworkmod backup), modify it & flash it back, see [[Android#adb_as_root|below]]
  +
* Note that apparently boot img needs to be even smaller than before:
  +
dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=28
  +
  +
===Extracting manually images from phone===
  +
On root shell on the phone:
  +
<pre>
  +
# cat /proc/mtd
  +
dev: size erasesize name
  +
mtd0: 00200000 00040000 "bootloader"
  +
mtd1: 00140000 00040000 "misc"
  +
mtd2: 00800000 00040000 "boot"
  +
mtd3: 00800000 00040000 "recovery"
  +
mtd4: 1d580000 00040000 "cache"
  +
mtd5: 00d80000 00040000 "radio"
  +
mtd6: 006c0000 00040000 "efs"
  +
# cat /dev/mtd/mtd5 > /sdcard/radio.img
  +
</pre>
  +
etc
  +
===Battery===
  +
Interesting links:
  +
* https://ghost301tech.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/day-10-with-nexus-s-battery-mystery-10-battery-power-saving-tips-maxis10/
  +
* http://www.androidpolice.com/2010/12/14/your-battery-gauge-is-lying-to-you-everything-you-need-to-know-about-bump-charging-and-inconsistent-battery-drain/
  +
===Google Wallet===
  +
'''NOT TESTED'''
  +
<br>See [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1311072 here]
  +
==Misc==
  +
===Getting fastboot & Android sources===
  +
There are several binaries around but I wanted to build my own.
  +
Maybe not the shortest way... I downloaded all android sources...
  +
<br> cf http://source.android.com/source/downloading.html
  +
<br> Some missing deps on my 64-but debian when I tried to compile everything: gperf, libc6-dev-i386, lib32ncurses5-dev ia32-libs g++-multilib lib32z1-dev lib32readline6-dev
  +
<pre>
  +
. build/envsetup.sh
  +
lunch crespo-eng
  +
make -j2
  +
</pre>
  +
Maybe we can just compile adb & fastboot:
  +
<pre>
  +
make adb
  +
make fastboot
  +
</pre>
  +
cf http://www.cduce.org/~abate/build-android-adb-debian-sid-amd64
  +
  +
===Getting adb & Android SDK===
  +
Get it from http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
  +
<br>Run tools/android -> in installed packages make sure to have "Android SDK Tools", latest revision and "Android SDK Platform-tools", latest revision
  +
<br>It brings also adb but not fastboot
  +
<br>If you want to update SDK: tools/android update sdk
  +
===adb===
  +
You need to activate USB debugging:
  +
* Settings > Applications > Development > USB debugging
  +
  +
Some examples:
  +
* adb devices
  +
* adb shell
  +
* adb logcat
  +
===adb as root===
  +
Once the phone is rooted, you can, from a shell with e.g. adb shell invoke "su" & get root.
  +
<br>But to get immediately into root, the file /default.prop needs to contain ro.secure=0
  +
<br>But that file is restored from boot.img at each boot so you need to modify that one
  +
<br>See http://android-dls.com/wiki/index.php?title=HOWTO:_Unpack%2C_Edit%2C_and_Re-Pack_Boot_Images#Alternative_Method
  +
<br>but there is also abootimg in debian:
  +
* Taking the boot.img from Samsung (see above in I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar).
  +
<pre>
  +
abootimg -x boot.img
  +
mkdir ramdisk
  +
cd ramdisk
  +
gzip -dc ../initrd.img | cpio -i
  +
sed -i 's/ro.secure=1/ro.secure=0/' default.prop
  +
find . -print|cpio -o -Hnewc|gzip > ../initrd.img2
  +
cd ..
  +
abootimg -u boot.img -r initrd.img2
  +
fastboot flash boot boot.img
  +
</pre>
  +
For the last command, the phone needs of course to be in fastboot mode
  +
<br>Reboot phone
  +
<br>I had to re-enable USB debugging but now adb shell brings me immediately a root shell :)
  +
<br>Note that link mentioned above proposes an alternative way to flash the boot partition, directly from adb shell as root
  +
  +
Without this setup, it's a bit cumbersome to automate root commands from host, it looks like
  +
adb shell su -c "netcfg usb0 dhcp"
  +
and the SuperUser app prompts you for confirmation on the phone for each new command
  +
  +
Got a failure when trying to flash back a 8Mb boot.img?
  +
<br>From example above I started from a boot.img smaller than the full boot partition but if you create a new boot.img or start from an image of the full partition taken manually or with clockworkmod, boot.img will be 8Mb-large (8388608) and fastboot fails with "FAILED exceed blocks 0x00000020 > 0x0000001e".
  +
<br>I'm not really sure about what size the file should be but as it's filled with zeroes till reaching 8Mb, I decided to cut it:
  +
<br>0x00000020 => 0x0000001e means for me 8388608 / 0x20 * 0x1e = 7864320, so I did:
  +
dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=30
  +
fastboot flash boot boot2.img
  +
And it worked!
  +
<br>Note that on ICS I need to use count=28
  +
dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=28
  +
===Images structure===
  +
You may want to explore .img content (from backups, stock ROMs etc).
  +
<br>Actually all .img are not the same
  +
====bootloader.img====
  +
/dev/mtd/mtd0
  +
<br>Unknown format
  +
====radio.img====
  +
/dev/mtd/mtd5
  +
<br>Unknown format, for baseband
  +
====recovery.img====
  +
/dev/mtd/mtd3
  +
<br>Unknown format
  +
====boot.img====
  +
/dev/mtd/mtd2
  +
<br>See [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=443994 here] for details on the structure, and abootimg on Debian
  +
  +
====system.img====
  +
Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with [https://code.google.com/p/unyaffs/ unyaffs]
  +
<br>Note that unyaffs failed unpacking stock system.img 2.3.3 & userdata.img but works fine on clockworkmod backups
  +
====data.img====
  +
Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with [https://code.google.com/p/unyaffs/ unyaffs]
  +
====cache.img====
  +
/dev/mtd/mtd4
  +
<br>Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with [https://code.google.com/p/unyaffs/ unyaffs]
  +
====misc====
  +
/dev/mtd/mtd1
  +
<br>Not backuped by clockworkmod
  +
====efs====
  +
/dev/mtd/mtd6
  +
<br>Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with [https://code.google.com/p/unyaffs/ unyaffs]
  +
<br>Not backuped by clockworkmod
  +
<br>Contains stuffs linked to baseband & bluetooth
  +
  +
===Getting busybox===
  +
Need rooted phone, see above
  +
<br>Google's stripped busybox, called toolbox, is far from enough once you get a shell on the phone
  +
* Get [https://market.android.com/details?id=com.jrummy.busybox.installer Busybox Installer] from Market
  +
Examples to use busybox versions instead of toolbox versions when the command exists twice:
  +
<pre>
  +
# busybox mount -o remount,rw /system
  +
# /system/xbin/mount -o remount,rw /system
  +
</pre>
  +
  +
===Importing certs===
  +
I could only manage it via a webserver & crafted headers:
  +
<pre>
  +
<?php
  +
header("Content-Type: application/x-x509-ca-cert");
  +
?>
  +
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
  +
...
  +
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
  +
</pre>
  +
  +
You may try this free service: http://www.realmb.com/droidCert/ which seems to do the same.
  +
<br>But even if imported they seem not to be used e.g. for IMAP TLS.
  +
  +
===Importing CA certs in /system===
  +
====Android < 3.0====
  +
Source: [https://wiki.cacert.org/ImportRootCert#Android_Phones CACert wiki].
  +
<br>You don't need the full Android SDK, just adb binary.
  +
<br>I'm not sure if it's really the proper way but to get recognized the BouncyCastle lib which was already on my system (apt-get install libbcprov-java) I did
  +
sudo ln -s /usr/share/java/bcprov.jar /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/jre/lib/ext/
  +
<br>Adding CACert certificates:
  +
<pre>
  +
adb pull /system/etc/security/cacerts.bks
  +
wget http://www.cacert.org/certs/root.crt
  +
wget http://www.cacert.org/certs/class3.crt
  +
keytool -keystore cacerts.bks -storetype BKS -provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider -storepass changeit -importcert -trustcacerts -alias CACERT -file root.crt
  +
keytool -keystore cacerts.bks -storetype BKS -provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider -storepass changeit -importcert -trustcacerts -alias CACERT3 -file class3.crt
  +
adb shell busybox mount -o remount,rw /system
  +
adb push cacerts.bks /system/etc/security
  +
adb shell busybox mount -o remount,ro /system
  +
</pre>
  +
* reboot phone
  +
* try https://www.cacert.org, should work without warning
  +
Now my IMAP TLS which is using a CACert-signed certificate works with strict TLS setting on the phone, cool!
  +
  +
'''WARNING''' this has broken proper upgrades and I had to mangle the update.zip to restore first the original cacert.bks file then get it patched.
  +
<br>Before I patched it again, my imap server gave me a lot of "couriertls: read: error:1408F10B:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:wrong version number" errors before I realized it was because I didn't have the CACert certificates anymore...

Latest revision as of 21:27, 28 June 2013

Nexus S

Versions

under fastboot, stock

  • Product name - HERRING
  • HW Version - rev 52
  • Bootloader version - I9020XXKA3
  • Baseband version - I9020XXKB3
  • Carrier info - EUR
  • Serial number - xxxxxxx

under fastboot, after upgrade to 2.3.4

  • Baseband version - I9020XXKD1
  • Carrier info - EUR

under fastboot, after upgrade to 4.0.4

  • Bootloader version - I9020XXKL1
  • Baseband version - I9020XXKI1
  • Carrier info - EUR

under fastboot, after upgrade to 4.1.1

  • Bootloader version - I9020XXCL2
  • Baseband version - I9020XXKI1
  • Carrier info - EUR

under 'About phone' from the settings, stock 2.3.3

  • Android 2.3.3
  • Baseband I9023XXKB3
  • Kernel 2.6.35.7-g1d030a7
  • Build GRI54

under 'About phone' from the settings, after upgrade to 2.3.4

  • Android 2.3.4
  • Baseband I9023XXKD1
  • Kernel 2.6.35.7-ge382d80 android-build@apa28 #1
  • Build GRJ22

under 'About phone' from the settings, after upgrade to 4.0.3

  • Android 4.0.3
  • Baseband I9023XXKI1
  • Kernel 3.0.8-gb55e9ac android-build@apa28 #1
  • Build IML74K

under 'About phone' from the settings, after upgrade to 4.0.4

  • Android 4.0.4
  • Baseband I9023XXKI1
  • Kernel 3.0.8-g6656123 android-build@vpbs1 #1
  • Build IMM76D

under 'About phone' from the settings, after upgrade to 4.1.1

  • Android 4.1.1
  • Baseband I9023XXKI1
  • Kernel 3.0.31-g3b0c5d2 android-build@vpbs1 #1
  • Build JRO03E

Restoring factory ROM (2.3.3)

Warning, it will destroy everything, make your backups first!!

  • Get firmware here for a European Nexus S i9023, mine needs the I9023XXKB3 one.
  • Rename tar.md5 as tar
  • Get Odin sw from here, choose i9023
    • e.g. I9003_Odin3_v1.82.rar & SAMSUNG_USB.rar
  • Run Odin (works in a virtualbox if needed), load the 4 files:
    • bootloader: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/Bootloader_I9023XXKA3.tar
    • PDA: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar
    • Phone: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/MODEM_I9023XXKB3_REV_00_CL912571_SIGNED.tar
    • CSC: I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/DGS_I9023_EUR.tar
  • Turn phone off
  • Plug USB
  • Just before battery icon showing, enter download mode by pressing middle of volume up / volume down button for long, you'll get a big yellow warning triangle
  • If using virtualbox, bring USB device (Samsung serial) to virtualbox
  • Now Odin should show a yellow rectangle with COM0
  • Press "start" in Odin

Sources:

Restoring (most of) factory ROM (2.3.3) with fastboot

Ok previous section was about restoring *everything* as genuine but it requires Windows and most of the time all you screwed up was the boot image, the recovery image or the system image so here is how to restore them or part of them provided that you can still enter fastboot: 

fastboot oem unlock                  # if needed, WARNING IT DELETES EVERYTHING!!!!!
fastboot flash recovery recovery.img # from Samsung PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar
fastboot flash system system.img     # from Samsung PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar
fastboot flash boot boot.img         # from Samsung PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar

Warning: I got /sdcard content erased, maybe because I tried to enter the native recovery, but anyway, make backups first before trying anything you risk regretting!!!

E.g. to make a backup with clockwordmod:

  • Put phone into fastboot mode
  • Enter recovery
  • Choose backup & restore / backup
  • Choose mount / mount USB storage
  • From host: copy clockwordmod/backup/*

Rooting 2.3.3

!! Don't touch boot image or try CW 3.0.0.0, one of them caused the phone to not start android anymore, I had to perform the full factory restore with Odin !!

  • enter recovery mode from fastboot
    • You can make a backup now
    • install zip from sdcard -> choose -> su-2.3.6.1-ef-signed.zip
    • reboot

Sources:

Note that apparently there is a technique avoiding the full wiping, described here. Not tested.
UPDATE: for Windows users, better to follow these instructions

Upgrading to 2.3.4

A new version was announced (fr) two days ago.
Official way is apparently to type "*#*#2432546#*#*" (*#*#CHECKIN#*#*) while using Wi-Fi but all I got was a "checkin succeeded" notification. Anyway patched won't apply cleanly on my rooted phone so better to do it manually. Some sources say that code works only for HTC.
For GRI54, update.zip is available here.
I tried to apply it but there are several caveats given the previous hacks:

  • boot.img: to be able to patch it I've to restore the original boot.img, loosing temporarily the ro.secure=0 setting (cf "adb as root" paragraph). And failing to patch it would probably mean non-bootable as we would have missed replacing the kernel!
  • radio.img: hash checksum failed, it seems to indicate that expected radio.img is not the one I have.
  • recovery.img: we want to keep the clockworkmod one, so we just skip it for now

To apply those change this means:

  • fastboot flash boot boot.img (from PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar)
  • edit update.zip to remove radio.img, recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
    • remove all commands about radio & recovery patch
    • add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
    • if that line is not added, patched phone will not be rooted anymore, which can be easily fixed by applying the su..zip again
  • upload update.zip to /sdcard and apply zip via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default

Ok now we got a system & boot images upgraded to 2.3.4
We can again modify boot.img to restore ro.secure=0:

  • Extract patched 2.3.4 boot.img (cf below, or use clockworkmod), modify it & flash it back

I also wanted to patch the stock recovery image, just to get a 2.3.4 stock recovery in case of.

  • Install the 2 files from update.zip#recovery/ into /system and chmod 755 /system/etc/install-recovery-sh
  • Restore the stock 2.3.3 recovery.img from PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar: adb push recovery.img /sdcard/
  • If you've flash_image on the phone you can try: flash_image recovery /sdcard/recovery.img
  • Else:
fastboot erase recovery
fastboot flash recovery recovery.img
  • Reboot the phone & start Android
  • It should be done, recovery should have been patched, you can remove the 2 files we've put in /system and extract the patched recovery image manually (cp /dev/mtd/mtd3 /sdcard/recovery.img). Hash changed so I assume it's properly patched
  • Restore clockworkmod recovery image

What's new?
I didn't mention it but with 2.3.3 I had two problems I was still busy trying to solve: GPS never fixing, zero satellite! And no way to see I get copy-protected applications (and that's not because of rooting the phone, on a stock phone it failed too).
Now GPS fixed quite fast with 2.3.4 and I could for the first time see & download copy-protected apps \o/ (even when the phone was rooted again).

UPDATE
here is the full ROM update, apparently with a new radio which should be ok for all phones...
Seen in this thread.

Upgrading to 2.3.6

I saw there was also newer versions of ClockworkMod, probably better than the preview release I was still using.
Latest ClockworkMod recoveries are here.
For Nexus S, look for "crespo" img

  • Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  • Go to recovery
  • Backup & restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  • Reboot -> enter fastboot again
  • On PC: fastboot flash recovery recovery-clockwork-5.0.2.0-crespo.img

For GRJ22, upgrade.zip is available here

  • fastboot flash boot boot.img (from stock GRJ22)
  • edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
    • remove all commands about recovery
    • add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
    • because I've mangled cacerts.bks to add CACert stuff, I had also to remove stuffs about cacerts.bks in the script, then make a separate zip where I first restore the previous stock cacerts.bks from GRJ22 then apply the patch. And finally mangle the new cacerts.bks again.
  • In updater-script, check also which radio version it's able to patch. Look for line similar to this one:
apply_patch("MTD:radio:12583040:2ea138c96cc213b2662a4ae1ddee2d5c6bbcc958:12583040:213c2022516ba651f62064e4379487af1e8499a2",
           "-", 213c2022516ba651f62064e4379487af1e8499a2, 12583040,
           2ea138c96cc213b2662a4ae1ddee2d5c6bbcc958, package_extract_file("radio.img.p"));

Here it expects a radio.img from GRJ22 with SHA1 = 2ea138c96cc213b2662a4ae1ddee2d5c6bbcc958, ok
In case you don't have the right radio img in place, or don want to patch it, remove radio.img from the zip and all commands about radio in updater-script.

  • upload update.zip to /sdcard and "apply update from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  • Backup & Restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy new backup to PC

Ok now we got a system & boot images upgraded to 2.3.6
We can again modify boot.img to restore ro.secure=0:

  • Extract patched 2.3.6 boot.img (cf below, or use clockworkmod), modify it & flash it back

Upgrading to 4.0.3

OTA update is available here

Preparation

  • Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  • Go to recovery
  • Backup & restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  • Reboot -> enter fastboot again

Preparation bis

As I've already modified the system before, I'm rollbacking some changes to ease the update

  • dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=30 #(with boot.img from 2.3.6, see below)
  • fastboot flash boot boot.img (from stock 2.3.6)
  • restore cacerts.bks from 2.3.6. As I had only a 2.3.4 version I used bspatch to apply the 2.3.6 update on that file offline then prepared an update.zip with only /system/etc/security/cacerts.bks
  • edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
    • remove all commands about recovery

This time we won't preserve su because we'll have to restore a new one anyway

Upgrade

  • Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  • Go to recovery
  • Mount USB
  • Upload update.zip to /sdcard
  • Unmount USB
  • "install zip from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  • Backup & restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy new backup to PC
  • Reboot

Rooting again

Infos (fr): http://forum.frandroid.com/topic/84048-romandroid-ice-cream-sandwich-40x-ota/


We can then restore ro.secure=0 in the boot.img

  • Extract new 4.0.3 boot.img (cf below, or use clockworkmod), modify it & flash it back, see below
  • Note that apparently boot img needs to be even smaller than before:
dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=28

CAcert

Much easier in ICS:

  • drop certs on /sdcard/
  • go to settings / personal: security / credential storage: install from storage & select both certs

Failures

  • Currently, viber does not work on ICS
  • Avast anti-theft failed (the renamed app was crashing at startup), I removed it manually by deactivating then removing it from /system/app/com.avast.android.antitheft.apk. After proper reinstallation from Avast app itself it worked again.

Upgrading to 4.0.4

OTA update is available and the phone proposed me to start upgrade process based on a file of about 17.8Mb
File is probably available somewhere but this time I did the exercice to find it on the phone.
=> searching for files between 16Mb and 19Mb (/512 as apparently busybox find uses 512b sectors) 

android# find / -size +31250 -size -37109
/cache/hR7QFEtn.zip
pc$ adb pull /cache/hR7QFEtn.zip .

Preparation

  • Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  • Go to recovery
  • Backup & restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  • Reboot -> enter fastboot again

Preparation bis

As I've already modified the system before, I'm rollbacking some changes to ease the update

  • dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=30 #(with original boot.img from 4.0.3)
  • fastboot flash boot boot-fit.img
  • edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
    • remove all commands about recovery
    • add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
    • cacerts.bks is not used anymore (see above) and radio image don't seem to be affected by update, nothing to do here

Upgrade

  • Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  • Go to recovery
  • Mount USB
  • Upload myupdate.zip to /sdcard
  • Unmount USB
  • "install zip from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  • Backup & restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy new backup to PC
  • Reboot

Rooting again

Our mangled update kept the rooting active but the boot was overwritten so we can then restore ro.secure=0 in the boot.img

  • Extract new 4.0.4 boot.img (e.g. using clockworkmod backup), modify it & flash it back, see below
  • Note that apparently boot img needs to be even smaller than before:
dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=28

Upgrading to 4.1.1

OTA update is available here (114Mb) for upgrading IMM76D to JRO03E (changelog).

Preparation

  • Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  • Go to recovery
  • Backup & restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy all /sdcard content to PC
  • Reboot -> enter fastboot again

Preparation bis

As I've already modified the system before, I'm rollbacking some changes to ease the update

  • dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=28 #(with original boot.img from 4.0.4)
  • fastboot flash boot boot-fit.img
  • edit update.zip to remove recovery/ and edit META-INF/com/google/android/updater-script
    • remove all commands about recovery
    • add following line to keep rooted: set_perm(0, 0, 6755, "/system/bin/su");
    • radio image don't seem to be affected by update, nothing to do here

Upgrade

  • Go to fastboot (vol-up + power)
  • Go to recovery
  • Mount USB
  • Upload myupdate.zip to /sdcard
  • Unmount USB
  • "install zip from sdcard" via clockworkmod recovery, it'll skip signature verification by default
  • Backup & restore / Backup
  • Mount USB
  • Copy new backup to PC
  • Reboot

Rooting again

Our mangled update kept the rooting active but the boot was overwritten so we can then restore ro.secure=0 in the boot.img

  • Extract new 4.1.1 boot.img (e.g. using clockworkmod backup), modify it & flash it back, see below
  • Note that apparently boot img needs to be even smaller than before:
dd if=boot.img of=boot-fit.img bs=262144 count=28

Extracting manually images from phone

On root shell on the phone: 

# cat /proc/mtd
dev:    size   erasesize  name
mtd0: 00200000 00040000 "bootloader"
mtd1: 00140000 00040000 "misc"
mtd2: 00800000 00040000 "boot"
mtd3: 00800000 00040000 "recovery"
mtd4: 1d580000 00040000 "cache"
mtd5: 00d80000 00040000 "radio"
mtd6: 006c0000 00040000 "efs"
# cat /dev/mtd/mtd5 > /sdcard/radio.img

etc

Battery

Interesting links:

Google Wallet

NOT TESTED
See here

Misc

Getting fastboot & Android sources

There are several binaries around but I wanted to build my own. Maybe not the shortest way... I downloaded all android sources...
cf http://source.android.com/source/downloading.html
Some missing deps on my 64-but debian when I tried to compile everything: gperf, libc6-dev-i386, lib32ncurses5-dev ia32-libs g++-multilib lib32z1-dev lib32readline6-dev 

. build/envsetup.sh
lunch crespo-eng
make -j2

Maybe we can just compile adb & fastboot: 

make adb
make fastboot

cf http://www.cduce.org/~abate/build-android-adb-debian-sid-amd64

Getting adb & Android SDK

Get it from http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
Run tools/android -> in installed packages make sure to have "Android SDK Tools", latest revision and "Android SDK Platform-tools", latest revision
It brings also adb but not fastboot
If you want to update SDK: tools/android update sdk

adb

You need to activate USB debugging:

  • Settings > Applications > Development > USB debugging

Some examples:

  • adb devices
  • adb shell
  • adb logcat

adb as root

Once the phone is rooted, you can, from a shell with e.g. adb shell invoke "su" & get root.
But to get immediately into root, the file /default.prop needs to contain ro.secure=0
But that file is restored from boot.img at each boot so you need to modify that one
See http://android-dls.com/wiki/index.php?title=HOWTO:_Unpack%2C_Edit%2C_and_Re-Pack_Boot_Images#Alternative_Method
but there is also abootimg in debian:

  • Taking the boot.img from Samsung (see above in I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/I9023_EUR_GRI54_XXKB3/PDA_SOJU_GRI54_TMO_EUR_MR1_SIGNED.tar).
abootimg -x boot.img
mkdir ramdisk
cd ramdisk
gzip -dc ../initrd.img | cpio -i
sed -i 's/ro.secure=1/ro.secure=0/' default.prop
find . -print|cpio -o -Hnewc|gzip > ../initrd.img2
cd ..
abootimg -u boot.img -r initrd.img2
fastboot flash boot boot.img

For the last command, the phone needs of course to be in fastboot mode
Reboot phone
I had to re-enable USB debugging but now adb shell brings me immediately a root shell :)
Note that link mentioned above proposes an alternative way to flash the boot partition, directly from adb shell as root

Without this setup, it's a bit cumbersome to automate root commands from host, it looks like 

adb shell su -c "netcfg usb0 dhcp"

and the SuperUser app prompts you for confirmation on the phone for each new command

Got a failure when trying to flash back a 8Mb boot.img?
From example above I started from a boot.img smaller than the full boot partition but if you create a new boot.img or start from an image of the full partition taken manually or with clockworkmod, boot.img will be 8Mb-large (8388608) and fastboot fails with "FAILED exceed blocks 0x00000020 > 0x0000001e".
I'm not really sure about what size the file should be but as it's filled with zeroes till reaching 8Mb, I decided to cut it:
0x00000020 => 0x0000001e means for me 8388608 / 0x20 * 0x1e = 7864320, so I did: 

dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=30 
fastboot flash boot boot2.img

And it worked!
Note that on ICS I need to use count=28 

dd if=boot.img of=boot2.img bs=262144 count=28

Images structure

You may want to explore .img content (from backups, stock ROMs etc).
Actually all .img are not the same

bootloader.img

/dev/mtd/mtd0
Unknown format

radio.img

/dev/mtd/mtd5
Unknown format, for baseband

recovery.img

/dev/mtd/mtd3
Unknown format

boot.img

/dev/mtd/mtd2
See here for details on the structure, and abootimg on Debian

system.img

Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with unyaffs
Note that unyaffs failed unpacking stock system.img 2.3.3 & userdata.img but works fine on clockworkmod backups

data.img

Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with unyaffs

cache.img

/dev/mtd/mtd4
Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with unyaffs

misc

/dev/mtd/mtd1
Not backuped by clockworkmod

efs

/dev/mtd/mtd6
Yaffs2 image, can be unpacked with unyaffs
Not backuped by clockworkmod
Contains stuffs linked to baseband & bluetooth

Getting busybox

Need rooted phone, see above
Google's stripped busybox, called toolbox, is far from enough once you get a shell on the phone

Examples to use busybox versions instead of toolbox versions when the command exists twice: 

# busybox mount -o remount,rw /system
# /system/xbin/mount -o remount,rw /system

Importing certs

I could only manage it via a webserver & crafted headers: 

<?php
header("Content-Type: application/x-x509-ca-cert");
?>
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

You may try this free service: http://www.realmb.com/droidCert/ which seems to do the same.
But even if imported they seem not to be used e.g. for IMAP TLS.

Importing CA certs in /system

Android < 3.0

Source: CACert wiki.
You don't need the full Android SDK, just adb binary.
I'm not sure if it's really the proper way but to get recognized the BouncyCastle lib which was already on my system (apt-get install libbcprov-java) I did 

sudo ln -s /usr/share/java/bcprov.jar /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/jre/lib/ext/


Adding CACert certificates: 

adb pull /system/etc/security/cacerts.bks
wget http://www.cacert.org/certs/root.crt
wget http://www.cacert.org/certs/class3.crt
keytool -keystore cacerts.bks -storetype BKS -provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider -storepass changeit -importcert -trustcacerts -alias CACERT -file root.crt
keytool -keystore cacerts.bks -storetype BKS -provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider -storepass changeit -importcert -trustcacerts -alias CACERT3 -file class3.crt 
adb shell busybox mount -o remount,rw /system
adb push cacerts.bks /system/etc/security
adb shell busybox mount -o remount,ro /system

Now my IMAP TLS which is using a CACert-signed certificate works with strict TLS setting on the phone, cool!

WARNING this has broken proper upgrades and I had to mangle the update.zip to restore first the original cacert.bks file then get it patched.
Before I patched it again, my imap server gave me a lot of "couriertls: read: error:1408F10B:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:wrong version number" errors before I realized it was because I didn't have the CACert certificates anymore...

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