Difference between revisions of "RFID"

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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communication#Security_aspects Security aspects of NFC] on Wikipedia
  
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communication#Security_aspects Security aspects of NFC] on Wikipedia
 
* [http://www.rfidblog.org.uk/research.html Research page of Gerhard Hancke], mainly about physical RFID attacks
  
* [http://www.rfidblog.org.uk/research.html Research page of Gerhard Hancke], mainly about physical RFID attacks
  +
* [http://www.avoine.net/rfid/ RFID Security & Privacy lounge] by Professor Gildas Avoine, *the* bibliography list on that matter

Revision as of 22:46, 22 November 2009

RFID readers

pcscd

Is the Linux daemon to access readers compatible with the PC/SC standard.
To dump the readers list supported by libccid of your pcscd install: 

 cat /etc/libccid_Info.plist|gawk '
    /ifdVendorID/{
        mode=1
    }
    /ifdProductID/{
        mode=2
    }
    /ifdFriendlyName/{
        mode=3
    }
    {
        inarray=0
    }
    /<array>/{
        i=0
    }
    /<array>/,/<\/array>/{
        inarray=1
    }
    /string/&&inarray{
        match($0,/<string>(.*)<\/string>/,a);
        t[mode i]=a[1]; 
        i++
    }
    END{
        for (j=0;j<i;j++) 
            print t[1 j]":"t[2 j], t[3 j]
    }'

Parallax

http://www.makezine.com/06/theorypractice/ => See MAKE n6

OpenPCD

ACR122U

Intro

based on PN532

  • docs
    • ISO/IEC18092 (NFC) compliant
    • NFC Tags Access Speed = 212 kbps
    • Support FeliCa card
    • Support ISO 14443 Type A & B cards
    • MIFARE® cards (Classics, DESFire)
    • SAM Socket (optional)
  • To get the Firmware version string in command line: (actual string here is "ACR122U203" as the last 2 bytes are not SW1/SW2 but part of the string)
$ opensc-tool -s FF00480000
Sending: FF 00 48 00 00.
Received (SW1=0x30, SW2=0x33):
41 43 52 31 32 32 55 32 ACR122U2

You can also use scriptor: 

$ echo ff00480000|scriptor           
No reader given: using ACS ACR122U PICC Interface 00 00
Using T=1 protocol
Reading commands from STDIN
> ff 00 48 00 00 
< 41 43 52 31 32 32 55 32 30 33 : Error not defined by ISO 7816

If you get the following error: 

Can't allocate Chipcard::PCSC::Card object: No smartcard inserted.

that's because you've a model without SAM support. Place a tag on the reader and try again, it should work.

So that's where a lot of confusion comes into play: the two models behave very differently! See below
Note that this site points out that it also corresponds to a difference of firmware versions

ACR122U-SAM

Usage:

  • When there is a SAM inserted, ATR shown is the ATR of the SAM
  • When there is no SAM inserted, ATR shown is a pseudo-ATR = 3B 00
  • So for PCSC there is always a "card inserted"
  • APDUs are sent to SAM
  • To send APDUs to a contactless card, you must wrap them into pseudo-APDUs (FF 00 00 00 ...)
  • To send special APDUs to the reader (to get fw or to control LEDs), just send them

Some more infos here about the Tikitag
Some more here

ACR122U PICC

Usage:

  • When there is a contactless card, ATR shown is the ATR of the card
  • When there is no contactless card, no ATR
  • So for PCSC there is a "card inserted" if there is a contactless card
  • APDUs are sent directly to the contactless card, which makes this reader fully transparent in this mode
  • To send APDUs to a contactless card, you can also wrap them into pseudo-APDUs (FF 00 00 00 ...)
  • To send special APDUs to the reader (to get fw or to control LEDs)
    • If there is a contactless card, just send the APDUs
    • If there is no contactless card, the CCID Escape command must be used (*)

(*) Here is one small example how to use the Escape command: 

#!/usr/bin/python
from smartcard.scard import *
hresult, hcontext = SCardEstablishContext( SCARD_SCOPE_USER )
hresult, hcard, dwActiveProtocol = SCardConnect(
hcontext, 'ACS ACR122U PICC Interface 00 00', SCARD_SHARE_DIRECT, SCARD_PROTOCOL_T0 )
IOCTL_SMARTCARD_VENDOR_IFD_EXCHANGE = SCARD_CTL_CODE(1)
CMD = [0xFF, 0x00, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00]
hresult, response = SCardControl( hcard, IOCTL_SMARTCARD_VENDOR_IFD_EXCHANGE, CMD )
if hresult!=SCARD_S_SUCCESS:
     raise error, 'Failed to control: ' + SCardGetErrorMessage(hresult)
print ''.join([chr(i) for i in response])

This requires also to allow libccid to use the Escape command, you've to set bit 0 of ifdDriverOptions in /etc/libccid_Info.plist to 1: 

       <key>ifdDriverOptions</key>
       <string>0x0001</string>
       Possible values for ifdDriverOptions
       1: DRIVER_OPTION_CCID_EXCHANGE_AUTHORIZED
               the CCID Exchange command is allowed. You can use it through
               SCardControl(hCard, IOCTL_SMARTCARD_VENDOR_IFD_EXCHANGE, ...)

In case libccid refuses with a 

Firmware (x.xx) is bogus! Upgrade the reader firmware or get a new reader.

you can force it by setting the third bit (0x04) of ifdDriverOptions in /etc/libccid_Info.plist to 1 

       <key>ifdDriverOptions</key>
       <string>0x0005</string>
       Possible values for ifdDriverOptions
       1: DRIVER_OPTION_CCID_EXCHANGE_AUTHORIZED
               the CCID Exchange command is allowed. You can use it through
               SCardControl(hCard, IOCTL_SMARTCARD_VENDOR_IFD_EXCHANGE, ...)
       4: DRIVER_OPTION_USE_BOGUS_FIRMWARE 
               Some reader firmwares have bugs. By default the driver refuses 
               to work with such firmware versions. If your reader is rejected
               because of the firmware (log message: "Firmware (x.y) is 
               bogus!") you can: 
               - activate this option but you will have problems depending on the bug

Pegoda

  • See http://www.nxp.com/#/pip/pip=[pfp=41960]|pp=[t=pfp,i=41960]

Arygon ADRA

based on PN531

Supported Standards:

  • ISO18092 ( NFC transport protocol)
  • Sony FeliCa
  • NXP Mifare ® family
  • compliant to ISO14443A, ISO14443A – 4 (T=CL)

Communication protocol:

  • ARYGON (HL - high level language), TAMA (LL - low level language)
    • To send TAMA frames, send an ascii '2' as first char, e.g. to get firmware of the PN531:
0x32 0x00 0x00 0xFF 0x02 0xFE 0xD4 0x02 0x2A 0x00
=>
0x00 0x00 0xFF 0x00 0xFF 0x00 (TAMA ACK)
0x00 0x00 0xFF 0x04 0xFC 0xD5 0x03 0x02 0x02 0x24 0x00 (TAMA v=2.2)

echo 32 00 00 ff 02 fe d4 02 2a 00|xxd -p -r|socat - /dev/ttyUSB0|xxd -p
0000ff00ff000000ff04fcd50304022200

Baud rate (passive/active):

  • 106 kBaud, 212 kBaud, up to 424 kBaud
  • USB, seen as a serial port

PN531

The PN531 is capable of speaking directly USB so there exist readers consisting simply of the PN531 wired to your Pc via USB.
In that case, the vendorID/productID will be either 04CC:0531 or 054c:0193

Apparently the following products are like that:

PN533

  • Official site: http://www.nxp.com/#/pip/pip=[pfp=53424]|pp=[t=pfp,i=53424]

The PN531 is capable of speaking directly USB so there exist readers consisting simply of the PN531 wired to your Pc via USB.
vendorID/productID may vary, e.g. 04CC:2533 or for SCL3711: 04E6:5591


The following products are embodiments of a PN533:

Omnikey 5321

  • datasheet
  • ISO 14443 A/B and 15693 ( up to 848 Kbps in the fastest ISO 14443 transmission mode)
  • APIs: PC/SC, Synchronous-API (on top of PC/SC), OCF (Open Card Framework) or CT-API
  • contactless smartcards supported:
    • HID: iCLASS®
    • NXP: MIFARE®, DESFire®, SMART-MX and ICODE
    • Texas Instruments: TagIT®
    • ST Micro: x-ident, SR 176, SR 1X 4K
    • Infineon: My-d (in secure mode UID only)
    • Atmel: AT088RF020
    • KSW MicroTech: KSW TempSens
    • iCODE SLI, iCODE SL2 & LRI 64
    • Contactless 2048 bit key generation in RSA mode (JCOP / SMART-MX)

Installing OmniKey reader under linux:

There are drivers here

But there is also a Debian package pcsc-omnikey
Warning! Don't install it or it will remove libccid!!
It's better to keep libccid if needed for other readers and install the missing RFID driver by hand: (here on a 64-bit platform) 

aptitude download pcsc-omnikey
dpkg -x pcsc-omnikey_1%3a2-4_amd64.deb .
cp -a usr/lib/pcsc/drivers/ifdokrfid_lnx_x64-2.6.0.bundle /usr/lib/pcsc/drivers/

See here: you need also to recompile pcscd with libusb: 

./configure --disable-libhal --enable-libusb

To do it by repackaging the Debian pcscd: 

aptitude install libusb-dev
apt-get source pcscd
apt-get build-dep pcscd

--- debian/rules        2009-01-14 13:54:42.000000000 +0100
+++ debian/rules        2009-01-14 13:46:56.000000000 +0100
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@
        dh_testdir
        # we add LDFLAGS="-lpthread" for bug #253629
        ./configure $(confflags) \
+               --disable-libhal \
+               --enable-libusb \
                --sysconfdir=/etc \
                --prefix=/usr \
                --enable-usbdropdir=/usr/lib/pcsc/drivers \

Then 

dpkg-buildpkg -uc -us

To launch the modified pcsc in foreground, showing ADPUs and debug info: (here pcscd was installed in /usr/local/bin/pcscd-libusb) 

pcscd-libusb -f -a -d

Others

Other Hardware Tools

RFID killers

RFID skimmers

RFID emulators

OpenPICC

Use ARM toolchain, e.g. [1], add arm/bin/ to the path 

svn co -r432 http://svn.openpcd.org/branches/sniffonly/openpicc/
cd openpicc
make

You may try later revision but at least r432 is compiling and working.
If you don't get a /dev/usbTTYx to flash the beast, load the driver by hand: 

modprobe -r usbserial
modprobe usbserial vendor=0x03EB product=0x6124

If ./at91flash_automatic openpicc.bin failed, edit at91flash => /dev/ttyUSB0 then 

./at91flash openpicc.bin

Unplus & replug, you'll get a /dev/ttyACM0

  • Using:

Whatever talking serial: 

socat - /dev/ttyACM0,raw,echo=0,crnl,b115200 

cu -l /dev/ttyACM0 -s 115200 

screen /dev/ttyACM0 115200

h for help, f for field strength measure
To sniff raw data, you've to convert the hexadecimal stream if you want to display it, e.g. with 

(echo r;cat)|socat - /dev/ttyACM0,raw,echo=0,crnl,b115200 |xxd

Note that you can still send commands to the OpenPICC, e.g. "r" to stop sniffing, CTRL-D to quit
To sniff and get decoded frames (from reader only, for tag you would need a OpenPCD) 

svn co -r432 http://svn.openpcd.org/branches/sniffonly/host/
cd host
make

Usage: 

./openpicc-sniff-14443a /dev/ttyACM0

To get just the raw stream: 

./openpicc-sniff-14443a /dev/ttyACM0|cut -c 50-|sed 's/\([0-9A-F]\+\) [01]!\? */\1/g'
  • Using under Windows:

Plug it, let Windows finding the new hardware -> search software? -> no -> install from specific location -> search/include/browse -> svn/branches/sniffonly/openpicc/win32driver (OpenBeaconUSB.inf) -> continue anyway
To communicate, use whatever talking serial, e.g. Start->Accessories->Communications->HyperTerminal -> new connection -> COM4 -> 115200/8/N/1/None -> try e.g. "h" -> File -> Save

  • Debug

In case of trouble, you can get more lucky with the debug cable (115200/8/N/1 3v3)

  1. GND
  2. CTS# - shorted
  3. VCC - provided! not to be connected to external Vcc
  4. TXD
  5. RXD
  6. RTS# - shorted

Proxmark III

Originally created by J.Westhues: here, video in action here

  • manual, see also this pdf
  • forum
  • files, require login
  • can read, sniff & emulate
  • 13.6MHz, 125kHz and 134kHz
  • 20090306_proxmark_edo512 version of the firmware/client is currently the latest available, running on both Windows and Linux
  • Some troubles under Linux in USB2.0 mode, better to force USB1.1: Plug the proxmark in an USB 1.1 hub or unload ehci_hcd kernel module

Extracting the reader datastream (to be compared with OpenPICC results) 

cat dump |grep -v TAG|cut -c 21-|sed 's/!crc.*//;s/\([0-9a-f]\+\)[[:space:]]*/\1/g'|tr a-z A-Z

Getting both directions 

cat dump |sed 's/:     /+/;s/: TAG /-/'|cut -c 15-|sed 's/!crc.*//;s/\([0-9a-f]\+\)!\?[[:space:]]*/\1/g'|tr a-z A-Z

Demo: Cloning a Verichip

IAIK RFID DemoTag

125kHz cloners

Misc

Software Tools

librfid

librfid is a Free Software RFID library. It implements the PCD (reader) side protocol stack of ISO 14443 A, ISO 14443 B, ISO 15693, Mifare Ultralight and Mifare Classic. Support for iCODE*1 and other 13.56MHz based transponders is planned.

RFDump

RFDump is a backend GPL tool to directly interoperate with any RFID ISO-Reader to make the contents stored on RFID tags accessible.

RFIDIOt

RFIDIOt is an open source python library for exploring RFID devices 

apt-get install python-pyscard
$ ./mrpkey.py -L
PCSC devices:
   No: 0               OMNIKEY CardMan 5x21 00 00
   No: 1               OMNIKEY CardMan 5x21 00 01
$ ./mrpkey.py -r 1 CHECK
mrpkey v0.1n (using RFIDIOt v0.1s)
 Reader: PCSC OMNIKEY CardMan 5x21 00 01
 Device is a Machine Readable Document
$ ./mrpkey.py -r 1 "EXnnnnnn<cBELyymmddcSyymmddc<<<<<<<<<<<<<<cc"

To fix reader number, edit RFIDIOtconfig.py
In MRZ passport number is coded with 9 chars. Belgian uses only 8 chars so some passport readers need a document number padded with char "<" ("EXnnnnnn<")

To use mrpkey under Windows you need:
python, pyscard, pyserial, pywin32, pycrypto, python imaging library

GNU Radio

GNU Radio is a collection of software that when combined with minimal hardware, allows the construction of radios where the actual waveforms transmitted and received are defined by software. What this means is that it turns the digital modulation schemes used in today's high performance wireless devices into software problems.

pwnpass

RFID tool by 3ric Johanson (get info from rfid on credit cards), presented at Shmoocon 2009
See also this video showing sth probably similar
See here(pdf) a technical report of the vulnerabilities of RFID credit cards and here info on PayPass 3000 reader

libnfc

Oen source library for Near Field Communication (NFC) using PN53x, current support for ACR122U v1.x readers.
Maintained by Roel Verdult

SpringCard

Offers a SDK for their reader but somehow compatible with e.g. the Omnikey 5321, see here especially the two PCSC-SDK

SCard SOFT

A Russian software company making stuff to explore smartcards

Privacy

Misc

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